The planet mean surface temperature (Tmean) is based on Stefan-Boltzmann emission law,
and on precise estimation by planet surface the total amount of emitted energy
πr²Φ*S*(1-a) (W)
and on the different for each planet the energy emission distribution (the temperatures distribution) over surface area - resulting in the very POWERFUL
the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
Let's introduce to the very POWERFUL the planet surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
The Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon states:
Planets' (without atmosphere, or with a thin atmosphere) the mean surface temperatures RELATE (everything else equals) as their (N*cp) products' SIXTEENTH ROOT.
( N*cp ) ^1/16
or
[ (N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ ] ¹∕ ⁴
Where
N - rotations/day, is the planet's axial spin .
cp - cal/gr*oC, is the planet's average surface specific heat.
This discovery has explained the origin of the formerly observed the planets' average surface temperatures comparison discrepancies.
Earth is warmer than Moon because Earth rotates faster than Moon and because Earth’s surface is covered with water.
What we do in our research is to compare the satellite measured planetary temperatures.
The Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon can be expressed now also QUANTITATIVELY . And it happens so to be a very POWERFUL the planet surface warming factor.
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The Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon:
It is well known that when a planet rotates faster its daytime maximum temperature lessens and the night time minimum temperature rises.
But there is something else very interesting happens. When a planet rotates faster it is a warmer planet.
The Earth seen from Apollo_17
Earth is warmer than Moon, because Earth rotates faster!
We ended up to the following remarkable results
Comparison of results the planet's Te calculated by the Incomplete Equation (the Planet Effective Temperature Te):
Te = [ (1-a) S / 4 σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
with the planet's mean surface temperature Tmean calculated by the Planet's Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature New Equation:
Tmean = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K) (1)
and the planet's Tsat.mean measured by satellites:
To be honest with you, at the beginning, I got by surprise myself with these results. You see, I was searching for a mathematical approach…
We have collected the results now:
Planet…..Te.incompl....Tmean….Tsat.mean
Mercury.....439,6 K.....325,83 K…..340 K
Earth……....255 K……....287,74 K…..288 K
Moon……....270,4 K…….223,35 Κ…..220 Κ
Mars……....209,91 K…..213,21 K…..210 K
the calculated with Planet's Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature Equation and the measured by satellites are almost the same, very much alike.
It is a situation that happens once in a lifetime in science.
The Planet Effective Temperature Equation
Te = [ (1-a) S / 4 σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
is incomplete because it is based only on two parameters:
1. On the average solar flux S W/m² on the top of a planet’s atmosphere and
2. The planet’s average albedo a.
The planet's without-atmosphere mean surface temperature equation has to include all the planet surface major properties and all the characteristic parameters.
3. The planet's axial spin N rotations/day.
4. The thermal property of the surface (the average specific heat cp).
5. The planet surface solar irradiation accepting factor Φ ( the spherical shape and the surface roughness coefficient).
Altogether these parameters are combined in the Planet's Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature New Equation:
Tmean = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K) (1)
Consequently, the planet mean surface temperature Tmean is based on Stefan-Boltzmann emission law,
and on precise estimation by planet surface the total amount of emitted energy
πr²Φ*S*(1-a) (W)
and on the different for each planet the energy emission distribution (the temperatures distribution) over surface area - resulting in the very POWERFUL
the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
( ...on the way the energy emission is distributed over the entire planetary surface – the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon. )
Earth's /Moon's example
Let's demonstrate the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon on the:
Earth's /Moon's example
Earth is on average warmer 68°C than Moon.
Earth and Moon are at the same distance from the sun. But Moon receives 28% more solar energy than Earth, because Moon's average surface Albedo is significantly lower (Moon’s Albedo a =0,11 vs Earth’s Albedo a =0,306).
Yet Earth is on average warmer 68°C than Moon.
The average surface temperature difference of 68°C can be explained only by the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
N = 1 rotation /per day, is Earth’s sidereal rotation spin.
cp.earth = 1 cal/gr*oC, it is because Earth has a vast ocean. Generally speaking almost the whole Earth’s surface is wet.
Earth is on average warmer than Moon not only because of the Earth having 29,53 times faster rotational spin.
Earth also has a five (5) times higher average surface specific heat (for Earth cp.earth = 1 cal/gr*oC, it is because Earth has a vast ocean; and for Moon cp.moon = 0,19cal/gr*oC – its soil is a dry regolith).
Earth is warmer than Moon not because of Earth's very thin atmosphere trace greenhouse gasses content. Earth is warmer because its surface has 155,42 times higher the (N*cp) product than Moon’s surface.
Earth(N*cp) /Moon(N*cp) = (29,53/1)*(1/0,19) = 155,42
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If Moon had Earth's albedo (a=0,306), Moon's mean surface temperature would have been 210K.
As we know, Earth's mean surface temperature is 288K (15°C). Earth is warmer because its surface has 155,42 times higher the (N*cp) product than Moon’s surface.
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Let's compare the Earth's and Moon's (for equal average Albedo) the mean surface temperatures:
Tmean.earth /Tmean.moon = 288K /210K = 1,3714
and the Earth's and Moon's (N*cp) products sixteenth root:
[ Earth(N*cp) /Moon(N*cp) ]^1/16 = (155,42)^1/16 = 1,3709
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The results (1,3714) and (1,3709) are almost identical!
It is a demonstration of the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon:
Planets' mean surface temperatures relate (everything else equals) as their (N*cp) products' sixteenth root.
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The rightness of the Rotational Warming Phenomenon is many times demonstrated and, also, it has been theoretically explained by the physics first principles.
1. Earth's Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature Calculation.
Tmean.earth
R = 1 AU, is the Earth's distance from the sun in astronomical units
Earth’s albedo: aearth = 0,306
Earth is a smooth rocky planet, Earth’s surface solar irradiation accepting factor Φearth = 0,47
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – is the Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant
N = 1 rotation /per day, is Earth’s sidereal rotation spin
cp.earth = 1 cal/gr*oC, it is because Earth has a vast ocean. Generally speaking almost the whole Earth’s surface is wet.
We can call Earth a Planet Ocean.
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
So = 1.361 W/m² (So is the Solar constant)
Earth’s Without-Atmosphere Mean Surface Temperature Equation Tmean.earth is:
Tmean.earth = [ Φ (1-a) So (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
Τmean.earth = [ 0,47(1-0,306)1.361 W/m²(150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal *1rotations/day*1 cal/gr*oC)¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
Τmean.earth = [ 0,47(1-0,306)1.361 W/m²(150*1*1)¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
Τmean.earth = ( 6.854.905.906,50 )¹∕ ⁴ =
Tmean.earth = 287,74 Κ
And we compare it with the
Tsat.mean.earth = 288 K, measured by satellites.
These two temperatures, the calculated one, and the measured by satellites are almost identical.
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2. Moon’s Mean Surface Temperature calculation.
Tmean.moon
Surface temp..Tmin..Tmean..Tmax Kelvin
........................100.K...220.K...390.K
So = 1.361 W/m² (So is the Solar constant)
Moon’s albedo: amoon = 0,11
Moon’s sidereal rotation period is 27,32 days. But Moon is Earth’s satellite, so the lunar day is 29,5 days
Moon does
N = 1/29,5 rotations/per day
Moon is a rocky planet, Moon’s surface irradiation accepting factor Φmoon = 0,47
(Accepted by a Smooth Hemisphere with radius r sunlight is S* Φ*π*r²*(1-a), where Φ = 0,47)
cp.moon = 0,19cal/gr oC, moon’s surface specific heat (moon’s surface is considered as a dry soil)
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – it is a Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Moon’s Mean Surface Temperature Equation Tmean.moon:
Tmean.moon = [ Φ (1 - a) So (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
Tmean.moon = { 0,47 (1 - 0,11) 1.361 W/m² [150* (1/29,5)*0,19]¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ }¹∕ ⁴ =
Tmean.moon = ( 2.488.581.418,96 )¹∕ ⁴ = 223,35 K
Tmean.moon = 223,35 Κ
The newly calculated Moon’s Mean Surface Temperature differs only by 1,54% from that measured by satellites!
Tsat.mean.moon = 220 K, measured by satellites.
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3. Mars’ Mean Surface Temperature calculation.
Tmean.mars
Surface temp..Tmin..Tmean..Tmax
Kelvin............130.K...210.K...308.K
(1/R²) = (1/1,524²) = 1/2,32
Mars has 2,32 times less solar irradiation intensity than Earth has
Mars’ albedo: amars = 0,25
Mars performs 1 rotation every 1,028 day
N = 1 /1,028 = 0,9728 Rotations /day
Mars is a rocky planet, Mars’ surface irradiation accepting factor: Φmars = 0,47
cp.mars = 0,18cal/gr oC, on Mars’ surface is prevalent the iron oxide
β = 150 days*gr*oC/rotation*cal – it is a Rotating Planet Surface Solar Irradiation INTERACTING-Emitting Universal Law constant
σ = 5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Mars' Mean Surface Temperature Equation is:
Tmean.mars = [ Φ (1-a) So (1/R²) (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
Tmean.mars = [ 0,47 (1-0,25) 1.361 W/m²*(1/2,32)*(150*0,9728*0,18)¹∕ ⁴ /4*5,67*10⁻⁸ W/m²K⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
=( 2.066.635.457,46 )¹∕ ⁴ = 213,21 K
Tmean.mars = 213,21 K
The calculated Mars’ mean surface temperature
Tmean.mars = 213,21 K is only by 1,53% higher than that measured by satellites
Tsat.mean.mars = 210 K !
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We have calculated The Planet Mean Surface Temperatures by the use of the New Equation:
Tmean = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
for all the twenty (20) major planets and moons in solar system. The results are very close to the satellite measurements.
The detailed Mean Surface Temperatures calculations for each and every planet and moon in solar system, by the use of the New Equation, are posted in the next pages of this site.
Φ - is the dimensionless Solar Irradiation accepting factor - very important.
It is a realizing that a sphere's surface "absorbs" the incident solar irradiation not as a disk of the same diameter, but accordingly to its spherical shape.
For a smooth spherical surface
Φ = 0,47
Φ factor explanation
The Φ - solar irradiation accepting factor - how it "works".
It is not a planet specular reflection coefficient itself. There is a need to focus on the Φ factor explanation. Φ factor emerges from the realization that a sphere reflects differently than a flat surface perpendicular to the Solar rays.
Φ – is the dimensionless Solar Irradiation accepting factor.
"Φ" is an important factor in the Planet Mean Surface Temperature Equation:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
It is very important the understanding what is really going on with by planets the solar irradiation reflection. There is the specular reflection and there is the diffuse reflection. The planet's surface Albedo "a" accounts only for the planet's surface diffuse reflection.
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The importance of the Solar Irradiation Accepting Factor Φ.
For smooth surface planets (like Earth) the Φ =0,47
So = 1362 W/m² - is the solar flux on the TOA (the top of atmosphere). It is also called the Solar Constant.
a = 0,306 - is the Earth's average surface Albedo.
Thus the incident on Earth solar energy not reflected from the planetary cross-section disk is:
1362 W/m² *Φ(1 - a) = 1362 W/m² *0,47(1 - 0,306) = 444 W/m²
This not reflected energy doesn’t get distributed over the hemisphere or over the sphere.
The not reflected portion of 444 W/m² is INTERACTING with planet’s surface matter on the very instant of incidence.
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In short, the Φ -Factor is not the planet specular reflection portion itself. The Φ -Factor is the Solar Irradiation Accepting Factor (in other words, Φ is the planet surface spherical shape and planet surface roughness coefficient).
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How to formally prove Φ -Factor's correctness in the
Ein = Eout formula.
- Answer: The Energy in:
Ein = (1-a)S W/m²
used in the blackbody planet effective temperature Te is an empirical assertion, which is not based on any theoretical research, not to say, its correctness has not been demonstrated, quite the opposite…
– The Energy in:
Ein = Φ(1-a)S W/m²
is based on measurements (the Drag Coefficient for smooth spheres in a parallel fluid flow Cd = 0,47), and it is demonstrated to be the correct one.
The Φ -Factor's importance is explained in every detail in next pages in this site.
Link:
The 4th root powers twice
The 4th root powers twice is an observed the Rotational Warming (N*cp) in sixteenth root power phenomenon when planet mean surface temperatures comparison ratios with the coefficients is compared.
Please visit the page “Earth/Mars 288K/210K”
The entire thread there is devoted to the planets’ mean surface temperatures comparison. And every time for the compared planets’ the (N*cp) in sixteenth root is necessarily present.
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Earth / Mars satellite measured mean surface temperatures 288 K and 210 K comparison.
It is a demonstration of the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon!
These ( Tmean, R, N, cp and albedo ) planets' parameters are all satellites measured. These planets' parameters are all observations.
Planet…....Earth.….Moon….Mars
Tsat.mean.288 K….220 K…210 K
R…...............1... AU..1 AU..1,525 AU
1/R²…..........1…........1….…0,430
N…..............1....1 /29,531..0,9747
cp................1.........0,19.......0,18
a..............0,306......0,11......0,250
1-a…........0,694……0,89…….0,75
(1-a)¹∕ ⁴…0,9127....0,9713…0,9306
coeff...........1...................0,72748
As we can see Earth and Mars have very close values for
(1-a)¹∕ ⁴ term; For Earth (1-a)¹∕ ⁴ = 0,9127 and for Mars (1-a)¹∕ ⁴ = 0,9306.
Also Earth and Mars have very close N; for Earth N = 1 rotation /day, and for Mars N = 0,9747 rotation /day.
Earth and Mars both have the same Φ = 0,47 solar irradiation accepting factor.
Thus the comparison coefficient can be limited as follows:
Comparison coefficient calculation
[ (1/R²) (cp)¹∕ ⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴
Earth: Tsat.mean = 288 K
[ (1/R²)*(cp)¹∕ ⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
= [ 1*(1)¹∕ ⁴ ] ¹∕ ⁴ = 1
Mars: Tsat.mean = 210 K
[ (1/R²)*(cp)¹∕ ⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
= [ 0,430*(0,18)¹∕ ⁴ ] ¹∕ ⁴ = ( 0,430*0,65136 )¹∕ ⁴ =
= ( 0,2801 )¹∕ ⁴ = 0,72748
Let's compare
Earth coeff. / Mars coeff. =
= 1 /0,72748 = 1,3746
And
Tmean.earth /Tmean.mars =
= 288 K /210 K = 1,3714
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The results (1,3746) and (1,3714) are almost identical! .
Conclusion:
Everything is all right. It is a demonstration of the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon!
And It is the confirmation that the planet surface specific heat "cp" should be considered in the (Tmean) planet mean surface temperature equation in the sixteenth root:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) So (1/R²) (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴.
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Earth / Europa (Jupiter's moon) satellite measured mean surface temperatures 288 K and 102 K comparison.
It is a demonstration of the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon!
All the data below are satellite measurements. All the data below are observations.
Planet….Earth….Europa
Tsat.mean 288 K….102 K
R…...........1 AU…5,2044 AU
1/R²………1…….0,0369
N………....1……1/3,5512 rot./day
a…………..0,306……0,63
(1-a)………0,694……0,37
coeff...0,9127...0,3158
Comparison coefficient calculation
[ (1-a) (1/R²) (N)¹∕ ⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴
Earth: Tsat.mean = 288 K
[ (1-a)*(1/R²)*(N)¹∕ ⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
= ( 0,694 * 1 * 1 )¹∕ ⁴ = 0,9127
Europa: Tsat.mean = 102 K
[ (1-a)*(1/R²)*(N)¹∕ ⁴ ]¹∕ ⁴ =
= [ 0,37*0,0369*(1/3,5512)¹∕ ⁴ ] ¹∕ ⁴ = 0,3158
Let's compare
Earth coeff. /Europa coeff. =
= 0.9127 /0,3158 = 2,8902
And
Tmean.earth /Tmean.europa =
= 288 K /102 K = 2,8235
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The results (2,8902) and (2,8235) are almost identical! .
Conclusion:
Everything is all right. It is a demonstration of the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon!
Notice:
We could successfully compare Earth /Europa ( 288 K /102 K ) satellite measured mean surface temperatures because both Earth and Europa have two identical major features.
Φearth = 0,47 because Earth has a smooth surface and Φeuropa = 0,47 because Europa also has a smooth surface.
cp.earth = 1 cal/gr*°C, it is because Earth has a vast ocean. Generally speaking almost the whole Earth’s surface is wet. We can call Earth a Planet Ocean.
Europa is an ice-crust planet without atmosphere, Europa’s surface consists of water ice crust,
cp.europa = 1cal/gr*°C.
Conclusion:
Everything is all right. It is a demonstration of the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon!
And It is a confirmation that the planet axial spin (rotations per day) "N" should be considered in the (Tmean) planet mean surface temperature equation in the sixteenth root:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) So (1/R²) (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴.
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Links:
Jupiter/Saturn/Neptune 165K /134K /72K
The rightness of the Rotational Warming Phenomenon is many times demonstrated and, also, it has been theoretically explained by the physics first principles.
Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon
The faster rotation - the warmer the planet!
The first steps
At the very first look at the data table we distinguish the following:
Planet..Tsat.mean..Rotations..Tmin..Tmax
...........measured...per day......................
Mercury..340 K.....1/176....100 K...700 K
Earth.....288 K........1.............................
Moon....220 Κ.....1/29,5.....100 K...390 K
Mars.....210 K....0,9747.....130 K...308 K
The Earth's and Mars' by satellites temperatures measurements, in relation to the incident solar irradiation intensity, appear to be higher,
and it happens because of Earth's and Mars' faster rotation.
I should say here that I believe in NASA satellites temperatures measurements. None of my discoveries would be possible without NASA satellites very precise planet temperatures measurements.
It is the "magic" of the planet's spin. When it is understood, it becomes science.
The closest to the sun planet Mercury receives 15,47 times stronger solar irradiation intensity than the planet Mars does.
However on the Mercury's dark side Tmin.mercury = 100 K, when on the Mars' dark side Tmin.mars = 130 K.
These are observations, these are the by satellite the planet surfaces temperatures measurements.
And they cannot be explained otherwise but by the planet Mars' 171,5 times faster rotation than planet Mercury's spin.
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Let's study the table of data above.
Interesting, very interesting what we see there
- Earth and Moon are at the same distance from the Sun
R = 1 AU.
Earth and Mars have almost the same axial spin
N = 1rotation /day.
Moon and Mars have almost the same satellite measured average temperatures
220 K and 210 K.
Mercury and Moon have the same minimum temperature
100 K.
Mars' minimum temperature is 130 K, which is much higher than for the closer to the Sun Mercury's and Moon's minimum temperature 100 K.
And the faster rotating Earth and Mars appear to be relatively warmer planets.
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Two planets with the same mean surface temperature can emit dramatically different amounts of energy.
Moon's average surface temperature is Tmoon = 220 K
Mars' average surface temperature is Tmars = 210 K
Moon's average surface Albedo a =0,11
Mars' average surface Albedo a =0,25
It can be demonstrated that for the same Albedo Mars and Moon would have had the same average surface temperature.
The solar flux on Moon is So =1361W/m²
The solar flux on Mars is S =586W/m²
It is obvious, that for the same average surface temperature, the emitted amounts of energy from Moon are dramatically higher than the emitted amounts of energy from Mars.
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To continue with the solar system's coincidences, which would be very useful in the further research, there is another very interesting observation shouldn't be neglected:
I have the gaseous planets at 1 bar level the satellite measured temperatures comparison in relation to the gaseous planets’ rotational spins.
Gaseous planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) have, between them, similar atmospheric gases content.
The more close the content is, the better the satellite measured temperatures relate in accordance to the Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
Link:
There has to be a PROCESS.
Somehow, someway a transformation has to be generated to affect the planet’s surface temperature.
You can’t just say RADIATIVE energy get converted into Heat. It’s more likely it stays Radiative energy.
There has to be a PROCESS.
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Planets and moons do everything differently.
Βy DEFINITION, the planet theoretical effective radiative temperature’s formula doesn’t consider planet rotating. The formula is for planet with uniform surface temperature, and it is for planet with uniform surface irradiance.
Te = [ (1-a) S /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
The Te cannot be some kind of a theoretical limitation for planets and moons without-atmosphere the mean surface temperatures not to exceed their theoretical Te calculated temperature.
Planets and moons do not have uniform surface temperature; and they do not have uniform surface irradiance either. And planets and moons do ROTATE.
Consequently, the Te = [ (1-a) S /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ is not capable to describe the real planets’ and moons’ the mean surface temperatures.
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Planet mean surface temperature cannot be associated with any kind of BB profile spectrum.
The BB (black body) profile spectrum is associated with a single BB emitting temperature.
A planet doesn’t have a uniform surface temperature. The planet’s mean surface temperature doesn’t have a BB profile spectrum, because planet doesn’t emit at mean surface temperature…
Every spot on the planet’s surface at every given instant has a different emitting temperature…
Every spot at that given instant emits with its own spectrum profile…
A planet’s mean surface temperature’s BB profile spectrum (theoretically expected) cannot be considered as the planet’s mean BB profile spectrum.
Planet mean surface temperature cannot be associated with any kind of BB profile spectrum.
————–
Two planets with the same mean surface temperature may emit dramatically different amounts of IR outgoing EM energy.
Earthrise, taken in 1968 Dec 24 by William Anders, an astronaut on board Apollo 8
Moon and Earth - so close to each other - and so much different...
We may conclude that for a faster rotating planet there is the phenomenon of its warmer surface...
The Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon
I’ll try here in few simple sentences explain the very essence of how the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon occurs.
A planet surface doesn't absorb solar energy first, gets warmed and only then emits IR EM energy.
No, a planet surface emits IR EM energy at the very instant solar flux hits the matter.
Lets consider two identical planets F and S at the same distance from the sun.
Let’s assume the planet F spins on its axis Faster, and the planet S spins on its axis Slower.
Both planets F and S get the same intensity solar flux on their sunlit hemispheres. Consequently both planets receive the same exactly amount of solar radiative energy.
The slower rotating planet’s S sunlit hemisphere surface gets warmed at higher temperatures than the faster rotating planet’s F sunlit hemisphere.
The surfaces emit at σT⁴ intensity – it is the Stefan-Boltzmann emission law.
Thus the planet S emits more intensively from the sunlit side than the planet F.
There is more energy left for the planet F to accumulate then.
That is what makes the faster rotating planet F on the average a warmer planet.
That is how the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon occurs.
And it states:
Planets’ (without atmosphere, or with a thin atmosphere) the mean surface temperatures relate (everything else equals) according to their (N*cp) products’ sixteenth root.
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Here it is what I have also to say.
1). The faster rotating planet has a less differentiated surface temperatures distribution. Thus, for the same amount of solar energy transformed into HEAT and accumulated in inner layers, the faster rotating planet has a higher average surface temperature.
2). The not reflected portion of the incident SW EM energy is NOT ENTIRELY transformed into HEAT.
3). In addition, the faster rotating planet is able to transform into HEAT and accumulate in inner layers LARGER amounts of the incident on surface solar energy, than a slow rotating planet.
Important Notice:
Rotational Warming Phenomenon states about the (N*cp) products' sixteenth root, not only the planetary rotational spin (N) is involved, but also the planet average surface SPECIFIC HEAT (cp)!
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Every spot on planet surface experiences its peak hot and cold temperature. The less are those differences, the higher is the average surface temperature
for the same not reflected portion of the incident solar flux.
-
The (N*cp)^1\16 is the way the planet average surface temperature “responds” to that.
The faster the rotation, the less time every spot is exposed to the solar flux’ EM radiative energy, the less the skin surface layer’s INDUCED temperature is.
The more atoms (higher surface cp) are getting exposed (INTERACTED) on the skin layer to the solar flux’ EM radiative energy, the less the skin surface layer’s INDUCED temperature is.
The Planet Mean Surface Temperature New equation
The planet mean surface temperature New equation is written for planets and moons WITHOUT atmosphere. The results of calculations are remarkably exact!
When applied to Earth (Without Atmosphere) the New equation calculates Earth’s mean surface temperature very much close to the 288K.
Earth is a planet, like any other planet we know in solar system. Neither Stefan, no Boltzmann said anything about planets being ideal blackbodies.
What I did in my research was to compare the satellite measured planetary temperatures for every known planet and moon in solar system, Earth included.
When I wrote the New equation, yes I was expecting something, but the results were successful beyond any expectations.
Here it is the planet 1LOT energy balance analysis related New equation:
Tmean = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K) (1)
The New equation is based both, on precise radiative
“energy in = Φ (1-a) S” estimation and
on the “Planet Rotational Warming Phenomenon“.
We are capable now for the THEORETICAL ESTIMATION of the planetary mean surface temperatures.
And, now, it should be considered proven - there is not any Greenhouse Warming Effect on the Earth's surface temperature!
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Also, the Incomplete Equation of the Planet Blackbody Effective Temperature
Link from Wikipedia:
the Planet Effective Temperature Te https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_equilibrium_temperature
Another Link:
Lecture 2: Effective temperature of the Earth https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4355860/mod_resource/content/1/temperatura%20efetiva%20da%20Terra%20-%20paoc.mit.edu.pdf
the Incomplete Equation of the Planet Blackbody Effective Temperature
Te = [ (1-a) S / 4 σ ]¹∕ ⁴ K
should be abandoned, because it is very much wrong!
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Planet is not a uniformly heated body.
Planet is a solar irradiated from one side spherical object.
The irradiated side is not uniformly irradiated.
The planet’s opposite side is in total darkness.
Thus, a planet is not a blackbody!
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I use the Stefan-Boltzmann emission law in the right way.
The planet black body formula averages solar flux over the entire planet area in form of HEAT.
The New equation doesn’t average solar flux over the entire planet area in form of HEAT. For the New equation the outgoing EM is a result of the incident on the planet surface solar energy INTERACTION process with the matter.
Black body by definition transforms its calorimetric HEAT into its absolute temperature T fourth power EM emission intensity.
On the other hand, planet doesn’t emit EM energy supplied by a calorimetric source. The planet’s surface temperature is INDUCED by the incident on the planet solar EM flux.
Only a small portion of the incident solar EM energy is transformed into HEAT. The vast majority of the incident solar energy is IR emitted at the same very moment of incidence and interaction with matter.
This EM energy induces the planet surface temperature without being accumulated in the inner layers.
It is entirely different physics when compared with the “quiet” blackbody calorimetric HEAT black body emission phenomenon.
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Earth “absorbs” 28% less solar energy than Moon (Albedo Earth a =0,306; Albedo Moon a =0,11).
And yet
The measured Earth’s average surface temperature Tearth=288K. The measured Moon’s average surface temperature Tmoon=220K.
Mars orbits sun at R = 1,524 AU.
(1/R²) = (1/1,524²) = 1/2,32 Mars has 2,32 times less solar irradiation intensity than Earth has
So the solar flux at Mars’ orbit is 2,32 times weaker than on Moon too.
And yet
The measured Mars’ average surface temperature Tmars=210K.
Which is close to the measured Moon’s average surface temperature Tmoon=220K.
Mars' Albedo a =0,250; Moon's Albedo a =0,11.
It can be shown, that for the same Albedo Mars and Moon would have the same average surface temperature.
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Let's see now:
Tmoon =220K
Tearth =288K (for Earth having 28% less than Moon solar energy "absorbed")
Tmars =210K (for Mars having 2,32 times less than Moon solar energy "absorbed")
These obvious discrepancies can be explained only by the Earth's and by the Mars' much faster than Moon's rotational spins.
These obvious discrepancies can be explained only by the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
The Graph Ratio of Planet Measured Temperature to Corrected Blackbody Temperature (Tsat /Te.correct), as a linear function of the
Warming Factor = (β*N*cp)^1/16
For further details please visit page:
The planet temperature varies with planet rotation. It is an observation.
There is no need in an experiment with a rotating sphere in a vacuum exposed to sunlight…
Here is the clear relation example:
Let's illustrate on the planet's effective temperature old equation
Te = [ (1-a) S /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
Mars is irradiated 2,32 times weaker than Moon, but Mars rotates 28,783 times faster.
And… for the same albedo, Mars and Moon would have the same satellite measured mean temperatures.
For Moon Tmean = 220K; Moon’s Albedo a=0,11
For Mars Tmean= 210K; Mars’ Albedo a=0,25
Let’s do a simple calculation:
The rotation difference’s fourth root is
(28,783)¹∕ ⁴ = 2,3162
Now, please compare these two numbers:
2,32 and 2,3162
They are very-very much close, they are almost identical!
That is why no experiment is needed.
In this example we have demonstrated that the Mars' solar irradiation intensity deficit being 2,32 times less is compensated by Mars' 28,783 times higher rotational spin's fourth root
(28,783)¹∕ ⁴ = 2,3162
We have here the "Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon" observed.
We shall continue in the next pages.
The Solar Radiation Input.
Every spot on planet surface experiences its peak hot and cold temperature. The less are those differences, the higher is the average surface temperature for the same not reflected portion of the incident solar flux.
The (N*cp)^1\16 is the way the planet average surface temperature “responds” to that.
The faster the rotation, the less time every spot is exposed to the solar flux’ EM radiative energy, the less the skin surface layer’s INDUCED temperature is.
The more atoms (higher surface cp) are getting exposed (INTERACTED) on the skin layer to the solar flux’ EM radiative energy, the less the skin surface layer’s INDUCED temperature is.
The Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon:
It is well known that when a planet rotates faster its daytime maximum temperature lessens and the night time minimum temperature rises. But there is something else very interesting happens.
When a planet rotates faster it is a warmer planet.
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The physics notion: solar radiation input.
It is important to differentiate between the “not reflected portion of the incident solar flux ” and the “solar radiation input.”
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Well, the “not reflected portion of the incident solar flux” is not even ” with solar radiation input.
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The “solar radiation input” is only a part of the “not reflected portion of the incident solar flux”, it is only a part of “Energy in”.
—–
The “solar radiation input” is only the energy accumulated in inner layers. It is not the entire “Energy in”.
Energy in = energy out
Energy in = πr²Φ*S*(1-a) (W) is the “not reflected portion of the incident solar flux”
Jemit = 4πr²σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W) is the energy out
Planet Energy Budget:
Jnot.reflected = Jemit πr²Φ*S*(1-a) = 4πr²σTmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W)
Solving for Tmean we obtain the PLANET MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE EQUATION:
Tmean.planet = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴ (K)
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When hitting matter the solar EM energy INDUCES surface skin layer’s temperature.
The higher this temperature, the more the instantly emitted IR EM radiative energy out, and the lesser the solar radiation input.
And
The lesser this temperature, the less the instantly emitted IR EM radiative energy out, and the more the solar radiation input.
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When planet rotates faster it has for a constant
“Energy in = πr²Φ*S*(1-a) (W)” a larger solar energy input.
—
The entire “Energy out” = Jemit = 4πr²σΤmean⁴ /(β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ (W) consists from both “the instantly emitted IR EM radiative energy out” plus the solar radiation input.
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When rotating faster, planet surface has more “solar radiation input” to get rid of, thus the Tmean gets “balanced” at higher level.
So, the higher the (N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ is, the higher should be the Tmean⁴.
That is why it is so powerful the Planet Surface Rotational Warming Phenomenon.
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“The amount of solar radiation received does not change because a planet spins faster. It has to radiate away what it receives.”
It is a basic principle! The difference is that, when interacting with matter, the “not reflected portion of solar flux” is not getting inside the skin layer in its entirety. A very considerable part of it gets IR emitted on the very instant the solar EM energy hits the surface. This part of energy goes immediately out, it INDUCES the surface temperature on the instant of incidence, and that temperature is the temperature of that spot at that particular instant.
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And, there is another part, the “SOLAR RADIATION INPUT” which is on that instant is accumulated in the inner layer. And this part is radiated away later…
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Planet always radiates away what it receives. Planet with a higher (N*cp) product has this second part, the “SOLAR RADIATION INPUT” larger, and the on the instant of incidence IR emitted amount of solar EM energy is smaller, because a planet with a higher (N*cp) product INDUCES a lower on the spot of incidence the skin layer’s temperature.
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We shall call from now on as “the “SOLAR RADIATION INPUT” the amount of energy the Solar Flux – Planet Surface INTERACTION process manages to PUT IN the planet inner layer.
The First Conclusions
Conclusions:
The planet mean surface temperature equation
Tmean = [ Φ (1-a) S (β*N*cp)¹∕ ⁴ /4σ ]¹∕ ⁴
produces remarkable results. The calculated planets temperatures are almost identical with the measured by satellites.
Planet…....Tmean….Tsat.mean
Mercury.....325,83 K…..340 K
Earth……....287,74 K…..288 K
Moon……...223,35 Κ…..220 Κ
Mars………..213,21 K…..210 K
The 288 K – 255 K = 33 oC difference does not exist in the real world.
There are only traces of greenhouse gasses. The Earth’s atmosphere is very thin.
There is not any measurable Greenhouse Gasses Warming effect on the Earth’s surface.
There is NO +33°C greenhouse enhancement on the Earth's mean surface temperature.
Both the calculated by equation and the satellite measured Earth's mean surface temperatures are almost identical: Tmean.earth = 287,74K = 288 K.
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The planet mean surface temperature New equation is written for planets and moons WITHOUT atmosphere. The results of calculations are remarkably exact!
When applied to Earth (Without Atmosphere) the New equation calculates Earth's mean surface temperature as 287,74K, which is very much close to the satellite measured 288K.
It happens so because Earth's atmosphere is very thin and, therefore, doesn't have any essential greenhouse effect on the Earth's average surface temperature.
We have to answer these two questions:
1. Why Earth’s atmosphere doesn’t affect the Global Warming?
It is proven now by the Planet's Mean Surface Temperature Equation calculations. There aren’t any atmospheric factors in the Equation. Nevertheless the Equation produces very reasonable results:
Tmean.earth = 287,74 K,
calculated by the Equation, which is the same as the
Tsat.mean.earth = 288 K,
measured by satellites.
Tmean.moon = 223,35 K, calculated by the Equation, which is almost identical with the
Tsat.mean.moon = 220 K, measured by satellites.
2. What causes the Global Warming then?
The Global Warming is happening due to the orbital forcing.
And… what keeps Earth warm at Tmean.earth = 288 K, when Moon is at Tmean.moon = 220 K? Why Moon is on average 68 oC colder? It is very cold at night there and it is very hot during the day…
Earth is warmer because Earth rotates faster and because Earth’s surface is covered with water.
Does the Earth’s atmosphere act as a blanket that warms Earth’s surface?
No, it does not.
It is all in the details...
Moon gets baked hard during its 14,75 earth days long lunar day.
And Moon also emits from its very hot daytime surface hard.
What else the very hot surface does but to emit hard, according to the Stefan-Boltzmann emission Law.
The very hot surface emits in fourth power of its very high absolute temperature.
Jemit ~ T⁴
A warm object in space loses heat via emission. The hotter is the object, the faster it loses heat. So there is not much energy left to emit during the 14,75 earth days long lunar night.
And it becomes very cold on the Moon at night. It is in our Earth's immediate neighborhood happens.
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The planet Earth's and the planet Mars' faster rotation creates the necessary level of the "solar irradiation - planet surface" interaction phenomenon...
which results in the day-time much lower surface temperatures and, consequently, in much lower day-time surface infrared radiation emissions
and which results in higher planet surface 24-hours average temperatures.
The planet Earth’s and the planet Mars’ faster rotation is what creates the necessary interaction for the incident on the planets' surfaces solar energy the much more efficient accumulation.
It is all in the details...